The US Constitution was intended to restrict the federal government, not state governments.  The 14th Amendment restricts states  from restricting how the Bill of Rights applies to all people.  SCOTUS developed the “incorporation doctrine” deciding about the fundamental guarantees of the Bill of Rights.  Congress  passed a civil rights act and even though President Andrew Jackson vetoed that bill, Congress overrode the veto.  Read more>>>

The 13th Amendment ended slavery but was not explicit about rights of citizenship. Dred Scott was a slave whose owners moved from Missouri, a slave-holding state, to Illinois, a state that wasn’t. In 1857 SCOTUS ruled on the case Dred Scott v. Sandford.  The Civil War started partly in response to this decision